Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of one-visit root canal therapy against multi-visit treatment, and to provide evidence for clinical application in other hospitals. Methods 220 patients from the Department of Stomatology were randomly divided into two groups. The trial group (n=116) underwent one-visit root canal treatment while the control group (n=104) was treated by multi-visit. Cortisomol was prepared for root canal filling in both groups. Results The overall percentage of successful root filling was 87.9% in trial group and 91.3% in control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions The one-visit root canal therapy reduces the number of visits and cost of treatment. The clinical effect between one-visit and multi-visit therapies shows no significant difference. One-visit root canal therapy effectively reduces absences of daily training in the troops, worthy of popularization in clinical practice.